Law of Seas Notes

Limitations: Article 116 – there are 3 ways in which people who whose to fish on high seas are limited. What's the limitation of fishing on high seas. – answer Isn't 87, BUT article 116 treaty obligations must be complied with, rights and duties of coastal states must be respected. Articles 116-120 – relate to conservation and management of living sources on the high seas. Article 118 – says that countries should cooperate, subrogation fisheries and organizations so government agencies can assess what's being exploited so as to negotiate resources.Article 119 – when Investigating exploitation and resources, must use best scientific evidence that gives maximum sustainable yields. Consider dependent species – IPPP Can't be discriminatory and can't be against fisherman of particular state. Backwards from high seas what's the next zone – economic zone – distances are important – 24 to 200 nautical miles Then next zone is cont iguous zone – stretches from territorial zone out to economic zone. If you know these you can flick through the book what Is the contiguous zone and what does It do? What article relates to contiguous zone – article 33 – slide number 12.What is the limitation of the contiguous zone – a state MAY control immigration in the contiguous zone – we can stop them from gashing, Infringing customs laws, sanitary laws or any regulations within the territory or territorial sea ? If no legislation, state can do nothing. From where contiguous zone is measured – from baseline – coastline is Jagged therefore they use low watermark to do it. Need to know the article – whenever you get question, you must tell article. I OFF Territorial sea – articles 3, 17 and 18. Territorial limitation is key to security for a nation.Ships are actually allowed from foreign nations can travel through, only limitation on them is stout in article 18-21 â⠂¬â€œ got to tell what PASSAGE actually means (article 18). Can't enter internal waters (where sea enters rivers) but allowed to traverse the sea. Must be expeditious (article 18(2)) got to keep going – expeditious (check dictionary) – relatively quickly. Always exceptions – legislation says well okay even though you have to keep going, you can anchor but only if it is part of your navigation procedures. That would mean ports authority would know (have permission).However, it says that force measure (serious intervention in the normal course of undertaking – e. G. Wild storm) so you can port for protection – or distress call – you can render assistance from ships, aircraft. You can only travel in territorial waters if passage is innocent (look at 19 and 21 said lecturer) – article 19 – meaning of innocent passage – 19(1) not prejudicial to the peace of the state, good order or security. Under article 19(2) – shows what ship cannot do through territorial waters. Question on innocent passage. Marks taken off if you go to wrong subsection – read question carefully.Foreigners not allowed to fish in territorial waters. Do need to know article 19. Article 21 – allows laws and regulations of coastal state in respect to the territorial sea – innocent passage. Must be inline with UNCLOGS and international law. Safety of navigation, protection of navigational aids and facilities is critical of innocent passage. Conservation of fisheries and marine ecosystem – ship cannot infringe fishing laws, can't pollute, no marine research. Article 24 – may not be a definite answer and take two sides e. G. If this if that, may be because of this etc.Reason through a problem. Duties imposed upon a coastal state: Mustn't hamper passage of foreign ships. Can't impose requirement on foreign ships which deny innocent passage. Can't discriminate – e. G. One from France, Italy, I ndonesia – can't go to Indonesia automatically (defiance of 24 1(b)). Must warn of any likely danger – e. G. Buoys etc. (24 article) Article 25 – coastal state can do anything where they think that the passage is not innocent. Got to refer to 19 and has to have reasonable proof. Rights of coastal states Only require to know certain articles put up in learn (slides).Don't want you to look at other articles Section 3 of the exam (consisting of 5 questions and 12 marks will be to do with End of the line – documentary 1 billion people out of 7. 3 billion rely on fish as source of protein instead of chicken/ other meats/ the likelihood of seafood running out by 2048 is high – not long to make stance Once fisheries collapse 250 million people will have there food supplies threatened 70% of global fisheries are beyond there capacity 90% of large fish in ocean have been fished out 1% of the worlds industrial fishing fleets result in 50% of world catches â €“ what on earth can be done?Mediumistic – blue fin tuna – largely responsible. Also the large fishing trawlers. Global fishing fleets now are 250% larger than the oceans can sustain Only 6% of the worlds oceans are actually protected e. G. Bahamas. We have got areas around news coastline protected. Cog Clove area. 40% of worlds oceans would be natural reserves blue fin tuna is major problem – 6 billion worth of illegal blue fin tuna have been fished over last 20 years. Mediumistic is freezing them. Price of tuna fish on the market is $100,000 – imagine Mediumistic price later Enormous drop in shark species over last 20 years. 5 species have dropped by 50% Tuna catches use massive nets – killing thousands of turtles, sea birds and sharks which Just get dumped back in ocean. 22,000 tones is the legal limit for tuna – currently 60,000 tones. Illegal fishing worth 9 billion a year – 52% of fish stocks are now fully exploited. If we e stablish exclusion ones for fishing it is possible that the biodiversity in fish stocks will be able to come back – but will take years Suggested that you check what your eating is sustainable – if not – don't touch it.Lecture 13 (29/06/14) – High seas belongs to everybody, and can virtually do what you want. UNCLOGS – separates prevention reduction and control on marine pollution from the rules that conserve and manage living resources. Focused on second part – sustainability. Only other convention that protects Is there any convention in the world that controls the fishing of various stocks in the high seas and beyond the continental shelf – NO

Blast Furnace

Blast furnace is a continuous unit of shaft-type. The charging of burden is conducted from above, through the typical charging unit, which is the gas damper of the blast furnace. It is reduced rich iron ore (at present time resources of rich iron ore are preserved only in Australia and Brazil), sinter or pellets in the blast furnace. Sometimes granular pellets are used instead of crude ore.Blast furnace consists of five constructive elements: top cylindrical part is top throat, that is necessary for the charging and distribution of burden in furnace; the highest splayed conic part is shaft, where the heating process of materials and the reducing of iron from oxides pass; the widest cylindrical part is belly, in which the process of softening and melting of the reduced iron passes; tapering conic part is bosh, where a reducing gas – carbon monoxide is generated, the cylindrical part is hearth, that is used to accumulate liquid products of blast furnace method – cast iron and slag.And the top element is tuyere zone, where is the injection of combined blast into the furnace, and the lower element is blast-furnace bottom. There are tuyeres on the top of hearth – holes for supplying of heated to high temperature blast. Blast is compressed air, enriched with oxygen and hydrocarbon fuel. At the level of the tuyeres temperature rises to about 2000  ° C. As the distance upward the temperature drops, and it reaches 270  ° C in the top throat. Thus, different temperatures are set at different heights in the furnace, because of that different chemical processes of transition of ore into metal proceed. pic] Blast furnace in  Sestao, Spain. Coke burns off and generates carbon dioxide and large amount of heat at the top part of hearth, where oxygen supply is big enough. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] Carbon dioxide, leaving enriched oxygen zone, reacts with the coke and generates carbon monoxide is the main blast furnace method reducing agent. [pic][pic] [pic] Rising upward, carbon monoxide reacts with iron oxides, taking oxygen and reducing to less oxidized oxide: [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Resulting from the reaction, the molten metal drips the hot coal down, becoming saturated with carbon, and results in alloy, that contains 2. 14 – 6. 67% of carbon. This alloy is called cast iron. Except carbon, it includes a small part of silicon and manganese. In the number of deciles of a percent sulfur and phosphorus, detrimental impurities, are included in the cast iron composition. Except cast iron, in the hearth slag is generated and accumulated, in which all detrimental impurities gather. Earlier slag was tapped through a slag notch.Now both iron and slag are tapped through the iron notch at the same time, so the contact of cast iron and slag increases while mixing and the part of sulfur cast iron transits in slag. Separation of cast iron and slag passes already beyond the blast furnace – in a runner, with the help of th e plate gate of skimmer arrangement because of different melting liquid densities. Separated from the slag, cast iron proceeds into hot metal ladles, or into mixer ladles. Slag is poured into slag pots through slag runners. Blast-furnace foundationModern furnace together with all constructions and metal structures, lining (brickwork) and burden stock and melting products can have a mass of more than 30 thousand tons. This mass should be evenly transferred to the ground. The lower part of the foundation (sole) is made in the form of a massive concrete slab with thickness of 4 m. Columns lean on the sole, furnace metal structures (shell). The upper part of the foundation (pie) is a monolithic cylinder of refractory compression, on which is the furnace hearth. Blast-furnace hearthBlast-furnace hearth is the lower part of blast furnace, it is cylindrical inside and conic (sometimes cylindrical) due to the outer form. Hearth has cast iron and slag outlet assemblies (iron and slag notches ) and assemblies (tuyeres) for blowing warmed up (at cowper stove) to 1100-1400  ° C, oxygen enriched to 23-25 % air. Hearth blast furnace is the most main part of its construction. It collects up to 1,000 tons and more molten smelting products – cast iron and slag. The burden column, with the mass of 9-12 tons, presses the bottom of the furnace.The pressure of hearth gases is 0. 4-0. 5 MPa, and their temperature reaches 1700-2100  ° C in the coke combustion sources. Coke, liquid cast iron and slag hearth gases move and are restored continuously within the hearth. In fact it is a powerful, continuously moving reactor. In this regard, strict requirements for strength, tightness and fire resistance are demanded to these constructions. The main constructional elements of the hearth are shell, coolers, iron and slag notch, tuyere assemblies. Iron notch Iron notch is a rectangular channel, 250-300 mm broad and 450-500 mm tall.The channel is made in hearth brickwork at the heig ht of 600-1700 mm from the surface of the blast-furnace bottom. Slag notch channels are made at the height of 2000-3600 mm. The iron notch is closed by refractory mixture. The iron notch is opened via drilling out the hole of 50-60 mm diameter with drilling machine. After tapping of cast iron and slag (the tapping of cast iron and slag is carried out through iron notches on large modern blast furnaces), holes are blocked with the help of an electron-beam gun.The electro-beam gun tip gets in and refractory mixture of the notch is supplied under pressure. The blast furnace snag notch is protected by water-cooled elements, which are called slag stopper and compressed-air operated lever-type construction, controlled distantly. Large volume blast furnaces (3200-5500 m ? ) are equipped with four iron notches, working by terms, and one slag notch. The tapping of cast iron and slag from the blast furnace includes the following: 1. opening of the iron notch (if necessary in the slag notch); 2. aintenance, directly connected with leakage of cast iron and slag; 3. closing of the iron notch (if slag was tapped through the slag notch, then closing of slag too); 4. notches and runners repair. [pic] 1. Hot blast 2. Melting zone (bosh and hearth) 3. Reduction zone of ferrous oxide (belly) 4. Reduction zone of ferric oxide (shaft) 5. Pre-heating zone (top throat) 6. Feed of ore, limestone and coke 7. Exhaust gases 8. Column of ore, coke and limestone 9. Removal of slag 10. Tapping of molten pig iron 11. Collection of waste gases Blast Furnace Blast furnace is a continuous unit of shaft-type. The charging of burden is conducted from above, through the typical charging unit, which is the gas damper of the blast furnace. It is reduced rich iron ore (at present time resources of rich iron ore are preserved only in Australia and Brazil), sinter or pellets in the blast furnace. Sometimes granular pellets are used instead of crude ore.Blast furnace consists of five constructive elements: top cylindrical part is top throat, that is necessary for the charging and distribution of burden in furnace; the highest splayed conic part is shaft, where the heating process of materials and the reducing of iron from oxides pass; the widest cylindrical part is belly, in which the process of softening and melting of the reduced iron passes; tapering conic part is bosh, where a reducing gas – carbon monoxide is generated, the cylindrical part is hearth, that is used to accumulate liquid products of blast furnace method – cast iron and slag.And the top element is tuyere zone, where is the injection of combined blast into the furnace, and the lower element is blast-furnace bottom. There are tuyeres on the top of hearth – holes for supplying of heated to high temperature blast. Blast is compressed air, enriched with oxygen and hydrocarbon fuel. At the level of the tuyeres temperature rises to about 2000  ° C. As the distance upward the temperature drops, and it reaches 270  ° C in the top throat. Thus, different temperatures are set at different heights in the furnace, because of that different chemical processes of transition of ore into metal proceed. pic] Blast furnace in  Sestao, Spain. Coke burns off and generates carbon dioxide and large amount of heat at the top part of hearth, where oxygen supply is big enough. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] Carbon dioxide, leaving enriched oxygen zone, reacts with the coke and generates carbon monoxide is the main blast furnace method reducing agent. [pic][pic] [pic] Rising upward, carbon monoxide reacts with iron oxides, taking oxygen and reducing to less oxidized oxide: [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Resulting from the reaction, the molten metal drips the hot coal down, becoming saturated with carbon, and results in alloy, that contains 2. 14 – 6. 67% of carbon. This alloy is called cast iron. Except carbon, it includes a small part of silicon and manganese. In the number of deciles of a percent sulfur and phosphorus, detrimental impurities, are included in the cast iron composition. Except cast iron, in the hearth slag is generated and accumulated, in which all detrimental impurities gather. Earlier slag was tapped through a slag notch.Now both iron and slag are tapped through the iron notch at the same time, so the contact of cast iron and slag increases while mixing and the part of sulfur cast iron transits in slag. Separation of cast iron and slag passes already beyond the blast furnace – in a runner, with the help of th e plate gate of skimmer arrangement because of different melting liquid densities. Separated from the slag, cast iron proceeds into hot metal ladles, or into mixer ladles. Slag is poured into slag pots through slag runners. Blast-furnace foundationModern furnace together with all constructions and metal structures, lining (brickwork) and burden stock and melting products can have a mass of more than 30 thousand tons. This mass should be evenly transferred to the ground. The lower part of the foundation (sole) is made in the form of a massive concrete slab with thickness of 4 m. Columns lean on the sole, furnace metal structures (shell). The upper part of the foundation (pie) is a monolithic cylinder of refractory compression, on which is the furnace hearth. Blast-furnace hearthBlast-furnace hearth is the lower part of blast furnace, it is cylindrical inside and conic (sometimes cylindrical) due to the outer form. Hearth has cast iron and slag outlet assemblies (iron and slag notches ) and assemblies (tuyeres) for blowing warmed up (at cowper stove) to 1100-1400  ° C, oxygen enriched to 23-25 % air. Hearth blast furnace is the most main part of its construction. It collects up to 1,000 tons and more molten smelting products – cast iron and slag. The burden column, with the mass of 9-12 tons, presses the bottom of the furnace.The pressure of hearth gases is 0. 4-0. 5 MPa, and their temperature reaches 1700-2100  ° C in the coke combustion sources. Coke, liquid cast iron and slag hearth gases move and are restored continuously within the hearth. In fact it is a powerful, continuously moving reactor. In this regard, strict requirements for strength, tightness and fire resistance are demanded to these constructions. The main constructional elements of the hearth are shell, coolers, iron and slag notch, tuyere assemblies. Iron notch Iron notch is a rectangular channel, 250-300 mm broad and 450-500 mm tall.The channel is made in hearth brickwork at the heig ht of 600-1700 mm from the surface of the blast-furnace bottom. Slag notch channels are made at the height of 2000-3600 mm. The iron notch is closed by refractory mixture. The iron notch is opened via drilling out the hole of 50-60 mm diameter with drilling machine. After tapping of cast iron and slag (the tapping of cast iron and slag is carried out through iron notches on large modern blast furnaces), holes are blocked with the help of an electron-beam gun.The electro-beam gun tip gets in and refractory mixture of the notch is supplied under pressure. The blast furnace snag notch is protected by water-cooled elements, which are called slag stopper and compressed-air operated lever-type construction, controlled distantly. Large volume blast furnaces (3200-5500 m ? ) are equipped with four iron notches, working by terms, and one slag notch. The tapping of cast iron and slag from the blast furnace includes the following: 1. opening of the iron notch (if necessary in the slag notch); 2. aintenance, directly connected with leakage of cast iron and slag; 3. closing of the iron notch (if slag was tapped through the slag notch, then closing of slag too); 4. notches and runners repair. [pic] 1. Hot blast 2. Melting zone (bosh and hearth) 3. Reduction zone of ferrous oxide (belly) 4. Reduction zone of ferric oxide (shaft) 5. Pre-heating zone (top throat) 6. Feed of ore, limestone and coke 7. Exhaust gases 8. Column of ore, coke and limestone 9. Removal of slag 10. Tapping of molten pig iron 11. Collection of waste gases

EXAM PREPARATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EXAM PREPARATION - Essay Example It is in this context that strategic CSR rewards in financial benefits for the company and in turn creates an additional benefit on the structural development of the society. Evidently enough, based on the effectiveness of CSR, it is also termed as â€Å"Spiritual Capitalism† (McElhaney, 2009). Correspondingly, it can be stated that strategic CSR is linked with the concept of societal marketing, which determines the requirements and interests of the targeted audiences as well as provides satisfaction by enhancing the well being of the society at large. Another important aspect of CSR, in alignment with societal marketing is that it supports the issues related to education and culture to safeguard the organization along with the society. For instance, IBM institute for Business Value conducts its CSR through the implementation of societal marketing by providing consumers assistance by elite services and aims to develop the society by providing proper product and basic education (McElhaney, 2009). These additional attributes will assist the company to meet the present customer needs. Moreover, through these continuous learning processes regarding the CSR will provide future benefits for the company and the society. It is evident from the instances of IBM and Wal-Mart that CSR activities are quite effective to yield the benefits of competitive differentiation and favorable positioning to find potential customers in the emerging market and assist in creating new future revenue streams thereon (McElhaney, 2009). Creating CSR strategies assists the companies in attaining their goals by ensuring correct measures in the right direction and time, which further benefits them in their long term sustainability. In this regard, to provide further satisfaction to the customers and ensure high performance organizations needs to implement sustainable marketing concepts.

1st student project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1st student project - Term Paper Example The geological reasons given to most earthquakes are the movment of tectonic plates, causing damage when two plates overlap, slide under or over or past one another. The puzzling aspect about the mid western quakes is that they do not come under the areas affect by fault lines or cracks. There is geological evidence that this area was shook by earthquakes during the period of A.D 490, A.D 900 and A.D 1450, after which there were quakes again in 1811 to 1812. The details imply a five hundred year pattern, under the theory that faults build up stress, causing these violent earthquakes as a let out. Another hypothesis that has been suggested as the reason behind the mid western quakes is the effect of ice glaciers from 20,000 years ago. Once the ice melted, lifting the load, the land began to rise but the mantle is not as flexible and takes longer to respond to the release of pressure. (findarticles.com). This is believed to have created unusual tension in the mid western continental Un ited States, causing the New Madrid quakes. Scientists have pinpointed a number of faults that have caused earthquakes over the midwestern region, shown in the map below. It is also believed by scientists after 9 years of observation, that the New Madrid fault line might be shutting down, as it has shown no activity in the observation span. As a consequence, the risk calculations have varied wildly, from a 10 percent chance of a disastrous earthquake in the next 50 years to a chance of just 1 percent or less. (Choi, 2009). The Lower Wabash Valley of southwestern Indiana and adjacent parts of Illinois is seismically active. (Hill, 2002). There have been reports of earthquakes in parts of southwestern Indiana, affecting different parts in the years 1968, 1987 and 2001. It has been noted that the Lower Wabash Valley is capable of causing disastrous earthquakes at any time.

How violent video games have positive and negative effects on children Essay

How violent video games have positive and negative effects on children - Essay Example Harmless games like Pac-man started catching the child’s attention for hours and this was the beginning of game addiction in kids. With time, development of graphics and better appealing games started appearing in the market. With rapid increase of the gaming market, the genres of games started to change and new eon was set, where games did not look harmless anymore and the violence level inhabited by these games started becoming pretty alarming. One of the first high violent games that caught the world by storm was ‘Mortal Kombat’, a unique two player fighting game. The violence however was the nature of fighting and the brutal moves that were incorporated by each character. The game also showcased extreme violence in the end of each level, in which the losing game character would die a sadistic death by getting his body parts ripped by the other character. Due to this attribute of the game, it became an instant rage especially amongst teenagers. Media has played a major part installing ideas of violence amongst children and teenagers. Violence filled games has taken this to the next level. The following study of comparison between a violent game and a non violent game indicates the impact they can have on teenager’s mind: â€Å"They also found (Study 2) that participants who played Wolfenstein 3D (a violent game where the player â€Å"walks â€Å"through a castle, armed with various weapons, and attempts to kill people) in the lab behaved more aggressively than participants who played a nonviolent game† (Bruce D. Bartholow & Craig A. Anderson. Page 2.2001) The question that arises is can we co-relate extreme violence in schools with violence in video games. Pre-teens boys are always using the techniques and moves shown in the games on each other. However the alarming part comes, when these school kids decide to kill their classmates and teachers in similar game fashion. The one player shooting games has a deep effect on teenagers and if the child is

Cold War and Decolonization Annotated Bibliography

Cold War and Decolonization - Annotated Bibliography Example The friendship was created through various supports in terms of manpower, materials, and aids. However, such countries are said to have received no return for their support. In fact, as noted in the article, communist expansion to third world countries was a problem as acted as an impediment to the democratization process. On the other hand, there is argument that communist association with third world countries was as a result of competition with America and West European Liberal Capitalist. Also, America is said to have dominated in the international realm during this period. Therefore, the decolonization process was seen as a better way of controlling America dominance. The author also notes that rivalry that existed between communist and America was based on political economy. Also, the rivalry is noted to have affected the new emerging states. The states were faced with a dilemma on which side to support. This is seen to have created a chance for social awakening in post-war

Hospitality Management--Food Safety Management Essay

Hospitality Management--Food Safety Management - Essay Example With this comes a great responsibility to ensure the safety and integrity of the food supply. Little kills a tourist destination or catering business more than bad publicity. This can occur in the media, or via word of mouth. One of the primary concerns in the industry has long been outbreaks of food poisoning (Adams and Morrell 38). Catering businesses must depend not only on their own quality control standards, but also on the safe supply of fresh food to their business as well. It is critical that food born illnesses be eliminated from the food supply to the greatest extent possible. Much has been discussed in this area in recent years as the number of tourism based businesses continues to grow exponentially. This paper will examine a particular case of food born disease that directly affected the catering industry in Africa, and will enter into a discussion of relevant legislation and recommendations to avoid future outbreaks worldwide. Case Study and the Causative Agent Salad ha s long been a staple of the catering industry. Nearly every meal in world wide tourist circles, particularly meals that are catered, have some form of salad mix as a part of the set menu (Henderson 318). Produce, however, must be handled carefully as there are many food born diseases that can result if not properly handled (Chapman et. al. 1101). Because of the mass quantities of lettuce and other ingredients of salad that must be collected for any one event, it becomes even more critical to examine the health and safe of such food products. Since salad is not cooked, heat and extreme temperatures utilized in the cooking process do not assist in the elimination of contaminants (Amhadi and Hussain 172). One such case study was recently conducted in Nigeria to determine the prevalence of food born bacteria in ready made salad mixes typically used in the catering industry. General Details Scientists tested 150 different ready-to-eat salad samples from various sources in Calabar, South Nigeria. The samples were taken from such tourist and catering sites as fast food centers, wedding reception banquets, and birthday parties in the main part of the city. This occurred during the three-month period in order to ensure that the food and produce supplier remained relatively consistent (Udo et. al. 1). During the analysis of the samples, it was discovered that five main types of bacteria were present in the lettuce on an above average scale. â€Å"The probable human pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus aureus 35 (41.18%), Escherichia coli 21 (24.71%), Klebsiella aerogenes 11 (12.94%), Slamonella Enterica var Typhimuirum 3 (3.53%, and Bacsillus species 15 (17.65%)† (Udo et al 2). It was discovered that an astounding 40% of fast food centers, 52% of birthday parties, and 78% of wedding receptions had enough bacteria in their salad to cause food poisoning amongst the guests. Obviously this is an unacceptable number, but this case study is reflective of the overall danger of the food preparation industry if proper handling of food is not undertaken. The case study from Nigeria demonstrates that salads typically eaten in tourist venues and at catering events are often contaminated with pathogens that can cause grave illness in humans. This indicates a strong need to take care that food service personnel, particularly in the hospitality industry, use proper hygiene standards and that fruits and vegetables are disinfected and stored at the

Principles and Practices of leadership and management Essay

Principles and Practices of leadership and management - Essay Example y useless in another situation hence there is not a best leadership style among the many available styles, (Bryman, 2011; Clegg, 2006; Aitken and Higgs, 2010). This essay critically evaluates the contingency theories with the Vroom–Jago Contingency Model as the main point of argument; other theories include path-goal theory, leader substitute’s theory, the multiple linkage models, LPC contingency theory and cognitive resource theory. The leadership theories explain the connection between leadership styles and their effectiveness in given situations, (Day and Antonakis, 2012; Murugan, 2007). According to Vecchio (2007), the Vroom–Jago contingency model focuses on the variance in the degrees of leadership and brings out the level of participation through its effect on the quality of accountability and decision making in organizations. The theory argument basis on the fact that a number of situational factors contribute to the possibility of participative and autocratic approach in the leadership that leads to the best outcome. This means that, the leaders can efficiently handle the problems that require a solution and the decisions through one leader or a number of leaders. It three components including leader participation styles and a set of diagnostic questions help analyze the decision situation and decision rules, (Shafritz, and Ott, 2005; Donaldson, 2001). Further, the styles selected depends on the significance of the decision, importance of commitment, leader’s expertise, commitment, support goals, goal expertise and team competence (In Gabbay, and In Leenders, 2001). Therefore, the method is crucial in the decision making processes related to conflict resolution among others in an organization. The last preferred coworker model (LPC), on the other hand, basis on the feelings of the individuals towards their preferred coworker. De, Van, Murnighan, and Social psychology and organizations, (2011) argue that the assumption is that the feelings would

Irish community of new york city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Irish community of new york city - Essay Example The Irish community in New York is regarded among the active and most thriving population ion the multicultural city of New York. They engage in various activities that are economic oriented. They have their own Irish civic organization that are scattered throughout New York City. The organization has seen spread through from the friendly sons of St. Patrick to the New York major society. Most writers from the Irish communities stage most of the theatre companies in New York. In addition to this, their hardworking presence is also noted in their musicians. They hardly go a loss for a place to offer their performance.The Irish people are hardworking in almost every activity that they do. Not surprisingly, Irish populations living in New York have lower poverty rates compared to Americans as a whole. The households that are held by Americans of Irish descent have median incomes that are higher the Americans households. On average, Irish-American household is believed to be earning $56, 363 compared to the Native American household earning $50,046. Approximately six percent of the Irish Americans are thought to have incomes at the poverty level, compared to the general Americans who have a poverty level reaching eleven percent. Over the period of 19th century, the Irish gangs had terrorized the streets of New York. The gangs were fighting for the right of existence of the Irish population in New York City. Today, the incidents of the Irish gangs are unheard of, and the gangs do no longer exist along the streets of New York.

Thorncrown Chapel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thorncrown Chapel - Essay Example Comparing two researches concerning the impasse on the hermeneutic of sacred building from the building itself, opposed to culture, social and personal understandings. According to Berger, hermeneutic of sacred architecture ought to reflect in the architect’s signs and symbols themselves (98). Thorncrown chapel glass wall gives the people inside the outdoor feeling unlike the regular church setting. Moreover, acknowledging church as a heaven icon, Thorncrown frequent more tourist than worshipers. It has become a stop point to millions of visitors each year. Additionally, the number of wedding bookings in Thorncrown increase day in day out. The image of redemption, divine energy, Gods present and glow as portrayed in Catholic Church is reduced into a feeling of nature. In consideration of hermeneutic approach that might solve Jones’ lack of architectural hermeneutics in his designs, practice will involve implementation of hermeneutic architectural symbols and archetypes by the earlier architects mentioned in â€Å"Sacred Space† (Berger et al 117-121). These symbols can be referred as the sacramental use of architecture knowledge in providing the optimal heavenly

Geo-Political and Economic Organization of Asean Essay Example for Free

Geo-Political and Economic Organization of Asean Essay The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a geo-political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, and cultural development among its members, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully. ASEAN has emphasized regional cooperation in the â€Å"three pillars†, which are security, sociocultural integration, and economic integration. The regional grouping has made the most progress in economic integration by creating an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015. AEC envisages the following key characteristics: (a) a single market and production base, (b) a highly competitive economic region, (c) a region of equitable economic development, and (d) a region fully integrated into the global economy. The implementation of AEC is able to boost economic returns of countries in ASEAN due to cooperative and collaborative as a group could have generated a larger overall pool of benefits to be distributed among than countries than each will ultimately achieve by working on its own. But nevertheless in my opinion, Thailand will be of great concerns to many businesses in the region when AEC is established. Thailand possess in an advantageous geographical position which is located at the strategic center position in ASEAN, foreign companies be obliged to set up a solid foundation for the base material storage and product distribution to export their products to the countries in ASEAN if they are intend to establish market in ASEAN. Other than that, open economy policy of Thailand is closely integrated in the AEC blueprint. Thus it can be seen, Thailand’s markets will be benefit most among the countries in ASEAN when it come into effect in 2015. According to a news report on Thailand newspaper World Journal, also known as Chinese Daily News, a sense of urgency is palpable in enterprises all type and in virtually every industry in Thailand since AEC will be organize soon. A number of listed companies adjusting corporate business strategies and formulating an aggressiveness marketing program are being stepped up without cease in order to meet the new challenges and opportunities that will be  occur after two or three years. Managing director of TICON (Ticon Industrial Connection Public Company Limited), Mr. Virapan Pulges indicated that TICON had already the corporate strategies to cope with the regional economic integration by 2015, focus on the greatly increasing future demand of distribution center and warehouses facilities in Thailand. The Chief Executive Officer of CMO (Creative Management Organization), Sermkhun Kunawong revealed that convention and exhibition industries will be enormously benefit from the establish of AEC because the convention and exhibition industries in Thailand are occupied leading level among ASEAN countries. CMO planned to gain further insight into related convention and exhibition industries regulation of other countries in Asian in order to seek business opportunities and establish close contact with logistic industries in Asian countries. Chairman of the board of DRT (Diamond Roofing Tiles Public Company Limited), Prakit Prathipasen mentioned that his company always maintains their products export to Vietnam and Cambodia, but they will expand their export markets to Malaysia and Indonesia from now on, they planned to set up a warehousing distribution center at Changwat Surat Thani, Thailand to aiming at above markets. The presidents of MFEC (MFEC Public Company Limited), Siriwat Vongjarukorn stated that Information and Technology industries will benefit from establish of AEC. The implementation of open and liberal investment policies and actively encourage inward investment will extremely intensify markets competitive in ASEAN. Company must pay close attention in adjusting corporate strategies, increasing competitive advantages and implement performance evaluation on a more concrete form, herein attract the investment that is in favor of the Information and Technology industries. His company has long been prepared for the establishment of AEC through service integration with various companies to increase competitive advantages and the advantage of fully satisfies known customers’ demand. The new report above let us know about that how the leaders of companies in Thailand deal with the change. Four of them accept the inevitability of change and recognize changes as potential of sources of energy and self-renewal, they develop effective management skills that help organization move towards something better. They shared a common vision of  responsibilities and economy opportunities for their companies and countries, an idolized goal has been created by them to seize the opportunities for expand their markets and try to maximized their benefits from the establishment of AEC. That is every appearance that we can almost certain they possess Charismatic Leadership- they have a vision, they are willing to take personal risks to achieve that vision, they are sensitive to follower needs, and they exhibit behavior that are out of the ordinary. The Key characteristics of charismatic leadership that they possess are: 1. Vision and articulation- They has the clear visions that proposes a future better than the status quo and is able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are understandable to others. They planned and implementing the new corporate strategies to meet the establishment of AEC by 2015 and they has a good idea how the strategies can benefit their companies and countries. 2. Personal risk- They willing to take on high personal risk, incur high costs, and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve the vision. According to their narrations, their new corporate strategies involve high costs to build large infrastructure facilities within or outside their country for large scale productions, they has to take on the responsibilities and possibilities of failure at their own risk. 3. Sensitivity to follower needs- They are perceptive of others’ abilities and responsive to their needs and feelings. Due to their company involve in large scale capitals and productions, they must appoint some qualified person to important positions. 4. Unconventional behavior- They engage in behaviors that are perceived as novel and counter to norms. They being as successful leaders will never assumed that if they could just keep things running on a steady without changing and vision, their companies would be successful. AEC is an international collaboration project among ASEAN countries, good workers or followers will be an essential part if the companies endeavor to obtain benefits and advantages from the project. Followers of charismatic leaders have higher task performance, task performance, and adjustment to the leader and to the group than did followers who worked under groups led by noncharismatic leaders. There are four-step process shows that how do  charismatic leaders influence followers. 1. Articulate a vision- It begins by the leader articulating an appealing vision. A vision is a long-term strategy for how to attain a goal or goals. The vision provides a sense of continuity for followers by linking the present with a better future for the organization. The leaders share their vision with followers about the steps to attain goals in future through AEC by 2015. 2. Create a vision statement- A vision is incomplete unless it has an accompanying vision statement. A vision statement is a formal articulation of an organization’s vision or mission. Charismatic leader may use vision statement to imprint on followers an overarching goal and purpose. Once a vision and vision statement are established, the leader then communicates high performance expectations and expresses confidence that followers can attain them. This enhances follower self-esteem and self-confidence. Leaders create framework for all their strategic planning that will apply to entity companies to meet the goals. 3. Create a new set of values- The leader conveys a new set of values and through words and actions by his or her behavior, set an example to followers to imitate. Charismatic leaders were more effective because their employees personally identified with the leaders. Finally, the charismatic leader engages in emotion-inducing and often unconventional behavior to demonstrate courage and convictions about the vision. There is an emotional contagion in charismatic leadership whereby followers â€Å"catch† the emotions their leader is conveying. As I have mentioned at above, AEC is an international collaboration project among ASEAN countries, so leaders should create a new values that can apply to ASEAN countries instead of old values that are relate only with a country. 4. Demonstrate the vision- Because the vision is such a critical component of charismatic leadership, we should clarify exactly what we mean by the term, identify specific qualities of an effective vision, and offer some examples. Leaders implement the visions with their followers to achieve the goals. According to the other news report of Thailand newspaper World Journal, Department of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce held a round table meeting with regard to tourism recently, discussed the opportunities and development  in tourist industry after Thailand join AEC by 2015. The round table meeting invited the Ministry of Tourism and Sport, relevant departments and travel agencies to participate in discussion. Head of Foreign Trade Department indicate that the integration of ASEAN will mainly reflect the effect in investment and mobility of human resource after the establishment of AEC. By that time, Thailand will see further competitive in tourism markets from other ASEAN countries. Therefore, Thailand is critical to maintain and increase its own competitiveness to adapt to the markets and create great development progress. After the discussion in round table meeting, the methods were considered as effectiveness in increasing competitiveness of tourist industries of Thailand included: 1. Unify the standardization of tourism service, adopt international standard progressively to guild and measure. 2. Train employees with systematically, instill professional knowledge to them and also let them learn to master foreign language. 3. Formulate trade standard, avoid price war break out. 4. Establish good relationship with other ASEAN countries. 5. Create stricter law and legislation, crack down on illegal activities related to tourist industries. Moreover, the round table meeting believed that short term and long term plans should be formulate to guide travel agencies solve their problems in order to accelerated development and faces the competitive from ASIAN countries positively. We can address the foregoing changes of Ministry of Commerce, Thailand as an international and goal-oriented activity, we can also described the scenario as planned change. Essentially there are two goals in planned change. First, it seeks to improve the ability of the organization or industry to adapt to changes in its environment. Second, it seeks to change employee behavior. If an organization or industry is to survive, it must respond to changes in its environment. When competitors introduce new products or services, government agencies enact new laws, important sources of supplies go out of business,  or similar environmental changes take place, the organization or industry needs to adapt. Efforts to stimulate innovation, empower employees, and introduce work teams are examples of planned-change activities directed at responding to changes in the environment. Because an organization or industrys success or failure is essentially due to the things that its employees do or fail to do, planned change also is concerned with changing the behavior of individuals and groups within the organization. In the above case, Ministry of commerce improves the competitiveness and abilities of tourist industries in Thailand and train employees to improve their qualities to face the changes brought by AEC, like the increase of competitors are fully consistent with planned change. Change agents are responsible for managing change activities, change agents can be managers or nonmanagers, current employees of an organization, newly hired employees, or outside consultants, but the Ministry of Commerce, travel agencies and employees of tourist industries are the change agents in this case. However, when people are confronted with change, resistance to change appears to be natural and positive state. One of the well-documented findings from studies of individual and organizational behavior is that organizations and their members resist change. One recent study showed that even when employees are shown data that they need to change, they latch onto whatever data they can find that suggests they are alright and dont need to change. Our egos are fragile, and we often see change as threatening. In order to avoid continue walking in the old steps and seclude oneself, seven tactics have been suggested for use by change agents in dealing with resistance to change: 1. Education and Communication- Resistance can be reduced through communicating with employees to help them see the logic of a change. Communication can reduce resistance on two levels. First, it fights the effects of misinformation and poor communication. Second, communication can be helpful in â€Å"selling† the need for change. The changes are most effective if Minister of Commerce communicate its rationale balancing various participants’ interest versus a rationale based on minister or heads of  department’s interest only. 2. Participation- Its difficult for individuals to resist a change decision in which they participated. Prior to making a change, those opposed can be brought into the decision process. Assuming that the participants have the expertise to make a meaningful contribution, their involvement can reduce resistance, obtain commitment, and increase the quality of the change decision. Therefore, Minister of Commerce should invite participations f rom various industries that are related to tourist industries to increase the success rate of changes. 3. Building Support and Commitment- Change agents can offer a range of supportive efforts to reduce resistance. When employees fear and anxiety are high, employee counseling and therapy, new-skills training, or a short paid leave or absence may facilitate adjustment. Research on middle managers has shown that when managers or employees have low emotional commitment to change, they favor the status quo and resist it. So firing up employees can also help them emotionally commit to the change rather than embrace the status quo. Minister of Commerce should fully support all of the participants by effort and money due to they are same sided and share same purposes to benefit their countries and industries. 4. Implementing Changes Fairly- Try as managers might to have employees see change positively, most workers tend to react negatively. Most people simply dont like change. But one way organizations can minimize the negative impact of change, even when employees frame it as a negative, is to makes sure the change is implemented fairly. Procedural fairness becomes especially important when employees perceive an outcome as negative, so when implementing changes, its crucial that organizations bend over backwards to make sure employees see the reason for the change, and perceive that the changes are being implemented consistently and fairly. Technical support and financial support allocate by Minister of Commerce to participants must be absolutely fair and free of discrimination or bias. 5. Manipulation and Cooptation- Manipulation refers to covert influence attempts. Twisting and distorting facts to make them appear more attractive, withholding undesirable information, and creating false rumors to get employees to accept a change are all examples of manipulation. Cooptation, on the other hand, is a form of both manipulation and participation. It seeks to â€Å"buy off† the leaders of a resistance group by giving them a key role in the  change decision. The leaders’ advice is sought, not to seek a better decision, but to get their endorsement. Ministry of Commerce can conceal the fact that will be against by participants in order to cooperative production. This method is not recommended to change agents unless there are left with no choice, because the tactics can backfire if the targets become aware they are being trick or used. 6. Selecting People Who Accept Change- Research suggests that the ability to easily accept and adapt to change is related to personality. It appears that people who adjust best to change are those who are open to experience, take a positive attitude toward change, are willing to take risks, and are flexible in their behavior. Ministry of Commerce should select participants who are positive self-concept and high risk tolerance because they are coped better with change. 7. Coercion- Coercion is the application of direct threats or force on the resisters. The examples of coercion are threats of transfer, loss of promotions, negative performance evaluations, and a poor letter of recommendation. This method can use to be directed against participants who are not follow instructions or rules that made by Ministry of Commerce. No discussion of resistance to change would be complete without a brief mention of the politics of change because change invariably threaten and the status quo, it inherently implies political activity. In the frame of ASEAN Economic Community, enterprises need to the notion of operation and management to get the best of the achievement of free flow system from essential productive factors. Companies should convert to from the operation strategies that confines only to domestic markets transnational operation though establish relationship with business partners in the area of ASEAN. The most important thing is to put the pressure on formulate a new business planning for strives to adapt the changes and committed to the new business opportunities. The establishment of AEC is expected to create bigger markets for products of Thailand, at the same time, companies of Thailand should examine themselves if they are brace to become a member of AEC while speed up with enhance comprehensive strength. Most of the ASEAN countries are not fully prepare to meet AEC, there are still some disadvantages in various directions for Thailand, especially the  political situation of Thailand not showing any specific development route, some corporation are still lack of related knowledge result in not fully prepare of relevant plans. For this purpose, Thailand should make full use of advantages and rational utilization of resources to increase competitiveness to differentiates their superiority with other ASEAN countries for the in coming of establishment of AEC by 2015. References Aseansec.org (2007) ASEANWEB ASEAN Economic Community. [online] Available at: http://www.aseansec.org/18757.htm [Accessed: 1 Oct 2012]. Chinaasean.org (2005) Ministry of Commerce of Thailand Appeal Tourist Industries to Increase Competitiveness. [online] Available at: http://www.chinaasean.org/html/report/1259802-1.htm [Accessed: 1 Oct 2012]. En.wikipedia.org (1967) Association of Southeast Asian Nations Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN#From_CEPT_to_AEC [Accessed: 1 Oct 2012]. ROBBINS, S. and JUDGE, T. (2010) Organizational Behavior. 13th ed. Prentice Hall, p.447-450,654-659. News.sina.com.tw (1996) Thailand Listed Company Adjust Strategies to Meet AEC [online] Available at: http://news.sina.com.tw/article/20120626/7156145.html [Accessed: 1 Oct 2012].

Max Dupain Essay Example for Free

Max Dupain Essay The sunbaker was taken in 1938 Some of the artistic intentions and reasons that Max Dupain has taken this photograph exactly in this way are that max Dupain has deliberately faded away the background in this photograph to highlight and draw the eye upon the picture of the man. He may also have decided to fade the background, as the way the sand blends in with the skin colour of the man, adds to Dupain’s theme of â€Å"beach culture†. Max Dupain has also taken this photograph as a full body close up of the man, which suits the photograph more. Like many of Dupain’s photograph, this photo is taken and has association with the beach. The atmosphere, from looking at the photograph, is quiet and unruffled and the mood can be described at peaceful; the conditions that most sunbakers love. This photograph focuses on the way that this scene was captured, as well as the man and the features he possesses. The Sunbaker by Max Dupain was an interesting photograph and the way he did it portrayed his theme of â€Å"beach culture† very well. By Maddi Meldrum

Holistic care, Holistic therapies and nursing.

Holistic care, Holistic therapies and nursing. Holistic care refers to addressing all aspects of the person including body, mind, and spirit . A holistic approach links mainstream medical treatments with both traditional and emotional health. Holistic medicine is a part of health care which maintains a cooperative relationship among all those involved, which leads to optimal satisfaction of the physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual aspects of health. It highlights the necessity to view the person as a whole and that includes analysis of physical, nutritional, environmental, emotional, social, spiritual and lifestyle values. Holistic therapies also referred to as complimentary therapies have been long-standing practices in nursing and act as an appendage to traditional medical and nursing therapies.   They include massage theraphy, nutritional therapy and hydrotherapy.  Ã‚  Nurses have combined touch care, as well as Reiki, a mix of both energy work and touch, into practice. Concern for providing more effective pain and chronic disease management has led many health care institutions to offer nutritional therapy, yoga,meditation, spiritual learning and mind-body programs for disease management.  Ã‚  Nurses are working alongside a hierarchy of providers from medical specialists, massage therapists, acupuncturists and behavioral psychologists.   Holistic nursing is a way of thinking, reflecting, practicing, and being as a whole human being. Holistic nursing care practice requires nurses to integrate self-care, self-responsibility, spirituality, and emotional wellbeing. This may resut in greater awareness of the inter-connectivity with self, family friends, environment, and god. This awareness may further improve the nurses understanding of all individuals and their relationships to the human and outside world, and permits nurses to use this awareness to facilitate the healing process. Holistic nursing includes all nursing practice that has enhancement of healing of the whole person from birth to death as its goal. Holistic nursing recognizes that there are two views regarding holism: that holism involves identifying the interrelationships of the person, recognizing that the whole is greater than the sum of the individuals; and that it involves understanding the individual as a unit mutually inclusive with the environment. Every individual case has a patient at its centre.The patient lives within a social,psychological,economic and relational environment.The major factors which influences the patient are pychological,emotional,financial,legal,scientific,educational and religious as below. Rationale and Case Study Having discussed the different approaches to patient care, the important aspects of nursing management, and the various theoretical models of patient management, we move on to considering the appropriate nursing approach for a an Italian woman 92 years diagnosed with Dementia bipolar, diabetes type 2, epilepsy having problems of eating disorder.She has no much educational background , married in 1941at the age of 25, came to UK in 1965. She has a daughter and a son with 4 grand children. Demography epidemiology Bipolar disorder and  dementia  are two conditions that often go hand in hand. The risk of developing depressive and manic episodes was increased in patients with dementia. Both disorders have a multidimensional nature. Mood and cognition are considered the core problems in bipolar disorder and Dementia, respectively. However, in recent years, more relay has been given to the behavioral features of Dementia, which are often difficult to manage than cognitive impairment. Thus, in addition to such mood symptoms as euphoria, lability, irritability, anxiety, and dysphoria, recent studies have reported the following behavioral signs in Dementia: agitation, overactivity, aggression, apathy, affective lability,euphoria, disinhibition, impaired self-regulation, and psychosis. Moreover, patients with dementia often have problems with money management, spendthrift or donating money to strangers. Most consider signs and symptoms of mania in AD(Alzheimer disease) as secondary to its neurodegenerative processs  but mood symptoms may also be central and can reflect exacerbations from previous temperament. We emphasize that altered mood symptoms clearly affect perception of real situations and cognition thinking.It has been reported that deterioration in bipolar disorder is associated with mixed episodes and rapid cycling, which often tends to be the clinical presentation of dementia.[    Pathophysiology In neuroanatomical studies, alterations in the hippocampus have been reported in both disorders, with more obvious degeneration in AD. Perhaps the most striking difference between both disorders is that the disease process in AD occurs when the brain is much more vulnerable due to aging. Excessive glutamatergic activity is possibly central to both disorders, as shown by the benefits from drugs that either inhibit glutamate release or block glutamate receptors (eg, topiramate ) including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Cortisol-induced neurotoxicity and dysregulation in the HPA-axis have also been postulated as a central role in the pathophysiological processes in both disease(dementia bipolar) Epidemiology The number of people with dementia is steadily increasing.   Alzheimers Society believes that careful planning is the order of the future to ensure that the right care and support is available. There are currently about 750,000 people in the UK with a form of dementia with over 16,000 people under 65 with dementia in the UK  .One in 14 people over 65 years of age and one in six people over 80 years of age has a form of dementia Prevalence and incidence  Ã‚   When talking about demography it is important to differntiate between prevalence overall cases both old and new, with which dementia occurs in the population, and incidence new cases of dementia in a given time period. The well established prevalence rates for dementia in the UK are: 40-64 years:  1 in 1400 65-69 years:  1 in 100 70-79  years:  1 in 25 80+ years:  1 in 6 (Source : Alzheimers society, UK.) Projected figures   There is a rough estimate that by 2021 there will be one million people with dementia in the UK and Is expected to increase to over 1.7 million people(3% of UK population) with dementia by 2051.   Many people talk about the demographic time bomb or tidal wave of older people, which the state cannot afford to cater for. However the society believes that these reports are misleading.A steady, rather than exponential growth is expected over the next 25 years. The Societys contribution to the Royal Commission on Long Term Care highlights the belief that the state can provide for peoples needs as they age. The National Dementia Strategy in England and similar work underway in Wales and Northern Ireland are very vital steps to ensure the people needs with dementia be properly addressed in years to come. Belief values Core Values of Holistic Nursing The current Standards of Holistic Nursing are based on five Core Values of practice: 1) Holistic Philosophy and Education 2) Holistic Ethics, Theories, and Research 3) Holistic Nurse Self-Care; 4) Holistic Communication, Therapeutic Environment and Cultural Competence 5) Holistic Caring Process. These core values represent the essence of holistic nursing and are each necessary for holistic practice in the management of dementia in older people with comorbidity such as diabetes typeII and epilepsy. Core value 1, addresses that holistic nursing is based on a framework under philosophical guidelines embracing holism and a commitment to education, reflection, and knowledge. Core value 2, reiterates that professional nursing is less effective in theory, informed by research and bound by ethical guidelines to guide a competent, thoughtful, and principled holistic practice. Core value 3,is based on the belief that nurses must engage in integrating self-care to promote health and self awareness so that the nurse may act as an instrument of healing. Core value 4   addresses the requirement for nurses to engage with clients to promote mutually-determined goals for health and healing. Lastly, Core Value 5, emphasizes an evolution in the nursing practice to embrace assessment and therapeutic care addressing client patterns, problems, and needs in an atmosphere of caring (4). Cultural values and belief Beliefs and practices influenced by culture can affect patient outcome and satisfaction .the increasing cultural diversity may present challenges in trans-cultural ethical decision making for nurses .ethical dilemma may arise from lack of understanding of language, procedures ,expectations and other elements of nature that may lead to unclear decisions.Thus by Incorporating culture assessment into care facilitates better understanding of factors that influence patients health behavior and decisions. Researchers from School of Nursing in Hong kong surveyed nurses in different cultural settings and suggested five broad guiding principles for reviewing ethical perception of cultural values and beliefs: Respect for persons Beneficience Justice Respect for community Contextual caring. The Director and Board of Dementia Voice had, in about 1996, become aware of a developing but uncoordinated interest in the spiritual care of people with dementia. They wanted their statement to affirm a holistic approach, which sees care of the spirit as the essence of, and resulting from, good care practice. They wanted to speak to everyone irrespective of their religious faith. They have therefore used non-religious language with the intention that it is inclusive of both secular and religious understanding. The spirituality of people with dementia, and their families, carers and the professionals who work with them is therefore of the greatest importance. Professional issues The AHNA Standards of Holistic Nursing Practice also referred to as Standards provide guidance for nursing care that meets the intent of the description of holistic nursing a care that has enhancement of healing of the whole person (from birth to death) (4). The Standards grew from an interest in describing holistic nursing, and in articulating the values, skills and knowledge required for its practice. Unlike speciality practice defined by a client group (pediatric nursing) or a disease category (oncology nursing), holistic nursing is practiced by nurses in virtually every area of care. The speciality is based on practice that recognizes the body-mind-spirit connection of persons, and demands its practitioners integrate self-care and self-responsibility into their own lives. In holistic nursing, wellness-illness and health-disease neither mutually exclusive ,nor polar opposite, but are part of the process and the healthcare.Newman and her colleagues identified that proper focus of nursing is caring and described it as whole,unitary and transformatory.Many disciplines claim caring as a part of the profession ,but only nursing has both caring and health as itsgoal. Caring is a constant specific interpersonal process that is characterized by expert nursing practice, interpersonal process, interpersonal sensitivity, and intimate relationships Nurses can focus caring through empowerement in 6 main categories; Respecting the patient Not taking the patients behavior personally Keeping the patient safe Encouraging the patients health Authentic leadership Interactive reading. Professional ethical decisions Nurses are confronted daily with the need to make professional and personal ethical decisions. This process requires an ongoing evaluation and assimilation of information and have formed a five step process of making ethical decision mainly 1. articulating the problem 2. gathering data and identifying conflicting claims of moral values 3. exploring strategies 4. Implementing strategy 5. Evaluating outcome of the action Legal and Ethical Issues Healthcare providers must adhere to the law.All nurses are responsible and accountable to comply with nursing practice act as well as the rule and regulation of the board in the state where they are licensed and work. Supporting a patients right and ability to make choices is an essential element of holistic nursing practice and holistic ethics. Advance medical directives The patient self-determination act, effective December 1991requires that all individuals receiving medical care also receive written informationabout there right to refuse medical or surgical treatment and their right to initiate advance directives.advance directives are instructions that induct healthcare intervention to initiate or withhold or designate someone who will act as a proxy in making a decision in the event the decision making capacity is lost. Advance directives are of two types: Treatment directives(living will) Appointment directives (Power of attorney). A living will specifies the medical treatment that a patient wishes to refuse in the event that he/she is terminally ill and cannot make those decisions.A power of attorney for healthcare appoints a proxy or surrogate to make the medical decisions on behalf of the patient if he/she can no longer make such decisions. Advance medical directive in the form of living will or power of attorney is a cornerstone in proxy management of end stage of Dementia with bipolar disorders as they lose decision making ability. As part of the patient assessment , an holistic nurse may consider asking the, following questions Have you discussed your end of life choices with your family or designated surrogate? Do you have basic information about advanced medical directives? Do you wish to initiate it? If you have already prepared an advance medical directive, can you provide it now? Informed consent As nursing is inherently a moral endeavour,nurses may exacerbate challenges in making the right decision and taking the right action.The process of informed consent of medical and other treatment provides the opportunity for the patient to choose a course of action regarding healthcare plans. An informal consent must include the following: The nature of health cancerns and prognosis if nothing is done Description of all treatment options Benefits, risks an consequences of various treatment a options including non-intervention. Holistic nurses who offer alternate modalities should explain the int.., and disease risks, expected effects and benefits and treatment options prior to initiating theraphy. Informed consent in research refers to freely choosing to participate in a research study after the research purpose ,commitment ,risks and benefits, anonymity and invasion of privacy.Nurses who assist with research need to be familiar with elements of informe consent.A particular area of concern is protection of human rights, in research studies focus on vulnerable population such as elderly, challenged, pregnant, disabled persons and terminally ill. Thus Informed consent plays a vital role in development of novel research methodologies and an holistic nurse should follow the above mentioned guidelines in getting an informed consent from the patient. Nurses are accountable to professional stanards, for reporting research findings. An important consideration in this regard is the ethical treatment of data which demonstrates the integrity of research protocols and honesty in reporting data Policy Three major policy face holistic nursing in the future: Reimbursement Regulation Access Access There are many barriers to the access of holistic therapies providing yet another challenges for holistic nursing.They include: Lack of awareness Uncertainity about their effectiveness Inability to pay for them Limited availability of qualified providers. Access is normally difficult for rural population, uninsured, racial and ethnic minorities and vulnerable population such as elderly and terminally ill.Holistic nursing have a responsibility to educate the public more fully about health promoters,completely moderate to assist people in making informal chance among healthcare alternatives and individual providers They need to ensure quality, increased focus on wellness and access and affordability to all. Reimbursement Public or private policies in relation to coverage and reimbursement for healthcare expenditure play a crucial role in shaping the healthcare system and in deciding the future of health promotion and holistic medicine in the nations healthcare system.holistic nurses need to work with Medicare and other third party payers,insurance groups,oards of nursing,healthcare policy makers to ensure that holistic nurses are reimbursed appropriately for services rendered. Regulation Thus by developing theoretical and empirical knowledge as well as caring and healing approaches ,holistic nurses will advance holistic nursing practice and education and contribute significantly to the formalization and credibility of this work and in integrating a more holistic approach in nursing practice and health care. Access to an informed care and reimbursement for hospice care is the requirement in the elderly patients with late stage onset dementia as the patient is terminally ill. Resources In caring for individuals, those who have negative health beliefs and attitude, an effective resource and perhaps a strategy would be to develop a social support network. The social support network of the patient can strengthen and facilitate healthy patient choices. Cognitive strengthening through training in assertiveness, relation, imagery, problem solving, good s coping skills. Patient interaction with community agencies and self-help group may also be appropriate. Encouraging involvement of family an friends with recommended theraphy or value clarification session increase and strengthen social support. Because Alzheimers disease is  incurable  and progressive, most holistic treatments focus on enhancing the persons quality of life; for example, some might suggest using memory books and other strategies to reduce the impact of  symptoms. A Florida State University researcher found memory books, which might include notes, photos and other keepsakes, can help reconnect Alzheimers indiviuals with their loved ones. Although the research on holistic approaches remains limited, it suggests everything from pet therapy to art therapy can improve quality of life for those with Alzheimers. A 2006 study, for example, reported older people with  dementia  showed less  agitation  and had more positive social interactions when they interacted with an animal daily; however, the duration of the benefit was not established, nor was it proven that an animal living with the individuals had more impact than a visiting animal. A holistic approach can also include the use of herbs and supplements, such as  Ginkgo biloba  and  omega-3 fatty acids. Conclusion In this study, we reflect back at the various holistic goals set to provide care for an Italian woman 92 years diagnosed with Dementia bipolar, diabetes type 2, epilepsy having problems of eating disorder.She has no much educational background , married in 1941at the age of 25, came to UK in 1965. She has a daughter and a son with 4 grand children. Based on the projected figures it is estimated that by 2021 there will be one million people with dementia in the UK with expected to rise to over 1.7 million people with dementia by 2051.  This is often referred to as a demographic tidal bomb. There has been a developing but uncoordinated interest in the spiritual care of people with dementia.Thus the spirituality of people with dementia, and their families, carers and the professionals who work with them is therefore of the greatest importance in an holistic care towards dementia. Advance medical directive in the form of living will or power of attorney is a cornerstone in proxy management of end stage of Dementia with bipolar disorders as they lose decision making ability. Informed consent also plays a role in development of novel research methodologies and an holistic nurse should follow the above mentioned guidelines in getting an informed consent from the patient. As alzheimers disease is  incurable  and progressive, most holistic treatments focus on enhancing the persons quality of life by using memory books, which might include notes, photos and other keepsakes which can help reconnect Alzheimers indiviuals with their loved ones. Access to an informed care and reimbursement for hospice care is the requirement in the above case study as the patient is terminally ill belonging to an ethnic minority. Thus holistic nursing needs to ensure quality, increased focus on wellness and access and affordability to all.

Thom Gunn’s Donahue’s Sister :: Donahues Sister

Thom Gunn’s Donahue’s Sister      Ã‚  Ã‚   Thom Gunn was a poet who often wrote of common hardships in every day life.   Gunn’s writing style and choice of topics makes it obvious that he was writing in the middle to late twentieth century, and this is what draws people of today to his work.   I believe that not only are people able to relate better to Gunn because of his topic selection but because of the time period the majority of his work is written in.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the twentieth century, particularly since the 1950’s or so, we have witnessed as a society; the arrival of AIDS, an increasing amount of single parent families, an increase in drug and alcohol use among young people, controversy over homosexuality, and an increasing number of instances where we, as a country, have seen that money and power can get anyone off for any crime or wrong-doing.   In â€Å"Donahue’s Sister†, Gunn writes from a point of view that more than half of our population can probably relate to because almost all of us know someone with a drinking problem or have one of our own.   â€Å"Donahue’s Sister† shows the frustration of a brother as he explains the degree of severity that his sister’s drinking problem has reached.   The poem puts us in Donahue’s body from the start so as if we are looking at her standing at the head of the stairs, drunk beyond recovery.   Although there is surely room for different interpretations, I believe â€Å"Donahue’s Sister† is written by Gunn primarily to show the destruction that addiction can do to a person or a relationship.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In this paper, I will attempt to make Gunn’s voice heard according to how I interpret the poem, and by doing so I hope to show how relevant this poem was to the decade it was written in, the 1980’s.   I also will explore some other possibilities of how this may have related to or affected Gunn directly.   In other words, what factors may have been responsible for his writing this poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The beginning of the poem describes the sister standing eye to eye with Donahue at the head of the stairs.   She is in her own drunken world, which is referred to as her â€Å"private world† throughout the poem.   This depiction is very accurate of a drunk who believes that they have everything under control and that the world they are in is actually better for them than the sober world; reality.

Cultures :: essays papers

Cultures Culture is something that is very stable but it is still something that is subject to change. There are different causes to change including accidents or the unexpected outcome of events that are already in existence. Sometimes it is also the attempt to solve a perceived problem. Change can also be forced upon a group through intense contact between two societies. Adaption and progress are both consequences and not causes of change. The ultimate source of all change is innovation. This is any new practice, tool, or principle that gains widespread acceptance within a group. A primary innovation is a change that involve the chance discovery of a new principle. A secondary innovation results from the deliberate application of known principles. A great example of primary innovation is the firing of clay which makes it permanently hard. Modeling the clay to be fired by known techniques into familiar objects. Primary stimulate other inventions and may prompt rapid cultural change. Diffusion is known as the borrowing of cultural elements from one society by members of another. Borrowing is so common that the North American anthropologist Ralph Linton suggested that as much as 90% of a culture is accounted for by borrowing. The Pilgrims that settled in New Plymouth might have starved to death if it wasn’t for the Indian Squanto which showed them how to grow crops. There is a creativeness behind the borrowing, picking and choosing from multiple possibilities. Most of these choices are made to be compatible with the already existing culture. Cultural loss has to do with the abandonment of some trait or practice with or without replacement. People think of change as an accumulation of innovations: adding new things to those that are already there. When reflected upon you come up with the conclusion that the existence of a new innovation leads to the loss of an older one. This in not only a feature of Western Civilization. In biblical times chariots and carts were in Widespread use but were replaced by camels because they worked better by the 6th century. Acculturation is the occurrence of two groups of different cultures coming into intensive firsthand contact with each other. An element of force is usually involved directly or indirectly. There are other variables which include the degree of cultural difference; circumstances, intensity, frequency, and hostility of contact; who is dominant and who is submissive: and whether the nature of the flow is reciprocal or nonreciprocal.

The Concept of Death and Afterlife in W.B.Yeats Byzantium and Sailing

I. INTRODUCTION Every soul shall have a taste of death. That brings us to a question of what death really is. Generally speaking, the basic concept of the process so called death is build up on the facts that this process starts when the heart stop its work to pump the blood which leads to the brain damage and the failure of the whole systems of human body. When all the system or the functions of human organs are out of work, the body itself becomes lifeless or dead. Furthermore, according to the religious points of view, being dead, as we mention above does not mean that the journey of human soul has come to an end. On the contrary once the soul left the body, it will transform into another living form and will live until the judgment day arrives. ?When all sequence comes to an end, time comes to an end, and the soul puts on the rhythmic or spiritual or luminous body and contemplates all the events of its memory and every possible impulse in an eternal possession of itself in one single moment. That condition is alone animate, all the rest is phantasy, and from thence came all the passions, and some have held, the very heat of the body?. (Norman, A. Jaffares. 1984, p.333) Apart from religious definition of death above, in fact Yeats is neither orthodoxy religious nor orthodoxy scientific. He has his own science, which is an occult one, and his own religion or sophisticated lower mythology and in prose he sometimes reconciles them at the level of mystic. His tolerance in religions resulted in inconsistent and ambiguous attitude as reflected in his Byzantium and Sailing to Byzantium. II. RELIGIOUS DOCTRINES INVOLVED 2.1 Christian Doctrine On the matter of death, according to Christian doctrine of man, God created hu... ... go through relieving its earthly life and will be purified in purgatory. All the evil deeds in human soul will be cleansing so that the soul becomes good and pure again and after that the soul will be united with the body again and he rebirth to lead on earthly life. All the evil deeds and good deeds done in the previous life will done in the previous life will determine the condition of the present life, be it good or bad. The above concept of Yeats no doubt is idealized by him from mixing up the two doctrines: Christian and Hinduism. In fact there is no incarnation in Christian doctrine of man. When a man dies he will go for spiritual journey to heaven (of course after cleansing in purgatory) as suggested by the title Sailing to Byzantium. But W. B. Yeats is so impressed and influenced by Hinduism and may be his love for earthly life so he wants to be incarnated.

Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Essay

While analyzing the formation of habits using behavioral and social/cognitive approach I will use personal scenarios to back my research on how habits form personalities. I will provide the reader with sequence of developmental habits and role models if any that contributed to the formation of my own habits. Next, I will discussing the reason why I’ve continue to repeat these habitual acts and how I have succeeded in break the negative habit. Then using the behavioral personality theory and the components of social/cognitive theory I will explain why and how I developed these habits. Last, using supportive facts from course readings of chapter six and seven with online citing and facts, I will compare the theories behavioral and social/cognitive and develop my own hypothesis on which theory I believe best describes my personality. When developing habits the self conscious mind forms an image to what it perceives to be a positive emotional connection, satisfaction, or rewarding feeling. Thus rejecting the negative approach and replacing it with capitalize or self sufficient compensation. The conditioned response would occur in response to stimuli that were similar to the conditioned stimulus, indicating that there was generalization of the conditioning, but the conditioned response would not occur for all possible similar stimuli, indicating the difference between different stimuli; this is called discrimination.(Friedman & Schustack, p. 187, 2012) Growing up I developed a few positive and negative habits that has helped me shape my personality and image. The positive habit being basketball and the negative habit being smoking. When I was about four or five years old I would watch basketball games with my cousins on television. At the time I don’t understand what was really going on, but I did know that all I wanted to do was dribble a basketball. Whenever I had a change to dribble a ball, any ball I did. By the time I was ten years old I was able  to dribble with both hands in an equal manner, basically hiding any dominate traits of my left hand dribble. At the age of seven I discovered the ultimate basketball player that lives to this day, Michael Jordan! I wanted to be like Mike, but the female version. Becoming the first woman to play basketball in the NBA. Losing the opportunity when the WNBA was developed and I was only about fifteen, I just settle with being the best that I could be. In high school I was consider popular because I was on the basketball team, but to me the popular students where the one’s everyone knew the seniors and juniors. During my sophomore year the older students started to notice me because of how well I played on the freshmen JV squid the year before. I was now on the varsity team and I wanted to fit in with the rest of the popular students. Some were a great influences and some werenâ €™t. The wrong influences had me try cigarettes. At first it was cool, but I hated the taste and I notice that my breathing wasn’t the same so I quit, but quickly developed a new habit. I began to use smoking as a cover up of my feeling of my relationship with my mom, but it was no longer cigarettes I had moved up to marijuana. I continued doing both habits for a very long time mentally training myself to smoke only on the weekends or breaks during my seasons of basketball and other sports I played. I was an A-, B+ student never causing any issues at home with my grandmother and going to church every Sunday, but like my grandma always said â€Å"eventually what in the dark will come to light.† I never truly notice how the weed was affecting me grades and social life. During my senior year in high school I was hanging with pot heads and barely going to class if I went to school. My A- and B+ were now B-, C’s, D’s, and a few F’s. It also started to effect my playing the coach would just let me sit o n the bench until I was ready to play. This was a very sad situation because M had been excepted to Syracuse University with a full ride as long as I keep me grade up and continued to flourish during the next basketball season. After losing my scholarship because of my grades slipping and my lack of participation on the court that year I know I hand to stop the weed habit because it was causing me to lose everything I worked hard to achieve. Quitting the marijuana habit I was able to go to the local community college and working my way back up the scale. I never got back the basketball scholarship opportunity, I did grow up to become a physical education teacher who also coaches basketball now and has  been an undefeated Charter School Girls champion for four year straight. Living me with the only habit of my love for basketball and teaching my developed skills to other potential basketball star athletes. Use the behavioral personality theory to explain why I had a smoking habits it has come to my attention that my smoking habit only occurred because I made it a routine act in my life. By giving the sustain a meaningful generalization of why it was needed created a repetitive action of usage that had a tr ue meaning. For example, this form habit could be compared to taking a shower, a essential act that must be preformed daily. â€Å"Consistency of everyday established life habits or behavioral dispositions to repeat well practiced actions given recurring circumstances.†(Smith, 2012, para.2) Through components of social/cognitive theory my habits may have formed because of my daily interaction with the wrong associates and environment. By constantly being around people who smoke cigarettes and marijuana it became a negative influential social gathering. Learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior which unique feature of SCT is the emphasis on social influence and its emphasis on external and internal social reinforcement.(â€Å"The Social Cognitive Theory,† 2013). When I decide to quit smoking I remember looking down at the joint in my hand and saying â€Å"this isn’t going to solve my problems it jus t seems to make things worse† and I vowed to never smoke again and I’ve been drug free for thirteen years with no urge to ever smoke again. Unfortunately everyone do not have as strong of a mind set as I had and must develop a plan that applies operant conditioning to change their habit. If I had to create this plan for me the first thing I would do is develop a goal in which I feel is a reasonable amount of time to quite, let’s say thirty days. Next I would give myself a daily amount in which I can smoke and find a substitute of gum chew, healthy snack, or fun activity to do whenever I get the urge to smoke outside of my scheduled time. Each week I would make my intake smaller and increase my substitution activities until the urge has complete vanished. The decreasing of the substance is known as the extinction process that frequency of the organism’s producing a response gradually decreases when the response behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcement (Friedman & Schustack, p. 188, 2012) The social cognitive theory of personality must be deployed in two stages, first  develop awareness of problems and develop the motivation to change, and second involve the actual plan and implementation of change behavior. (Smith, 2012) After learning about the process between the behavioral and social/cognitive theories, I can say that both theories do represent part of my personality and cannot devote myself to any particular theory. I truly feel even though I may have started smoking because of who I socialized with. I do believe I only continued on with the addictive behavior because I made excuses for the behavior, creating my own valid reason to repeat this social substance abuse act even on my own. In conclusion I believe that both theories have a very strong base, but doubt that any real person can consist of only one theory when it comes to forming normal or additive habits. References Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2012). Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research (5th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database Smith, N. (2012, January). How Personality and Behavior Influence Psychology. Article Myriad. Retrieved fromhttp://www.articlemyriad.com/personality-behavior-influence-psychology/ The Social Cognitive Theory. (2013, January). Behavioral Change Models, (), 1-7. Retrieved from http://sph.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/SB/SB721-Models/SB721-Models5.html

Hamlet’s Other Apparition Essay

I was prevarication in on a hard polar degree. My nous was reeling with a thousand lambent luminositys stars everywhere. Is this another apparition? The ghost of my pay back beckons me? I realized the cold fib along my back. The incessant throbbing in my head echoes a swosh, swosh toil or so anchor ring in my head. The cold permeates me, my gobox is chilled but it does not move. The soused towhat forget heaviness of responsibility returned and settled a the identical a torrid heavy cloak. Ah what relief to shake it off. I lie in that respect with the wet cold soaking through and through the wool and velvet of my coat and habilitate to me and in me.I was premature on that point were no fulgent bring downs, and fatalness. The sizable receded to the distance, the throbbing in my head traveled to my temples and keeped there, as if to remind me that this is no apparition, as I had hoped it was, setting me free from this imprecate mission to set things righ t. The knowledge move me into sitting up. The cold dened somewhat. I knew now the source of the chill. It was the stone tier damp by the winter shadows mist. The saturnine did not retreat as everything else had the pain in my head, the band in my ear and the cold. It was still dark blindingly so.Suddenly, there appears a glow of lax in front of me like a bloodless dot from afar, visible only because of the total darkness. Ah, the apparition. It reminded me of a star in a dark, moonless night. Only it was solitary(prenominal), like I usually am rest in the tallest turret of the castle honoring the heavens. Only now, I am not in the turret warmly surround by a million stars of the heaven, I am in this long wet corridor guided by a lonesome star. I felt around the floor for what I do not know. I did not summon the servants, for some mind I sat there in the damp stone floor smell for something.No such luck in the dark. The light was merely a white dot and not a arrest of a long held suspicion. I became sensible of a flowing wetness in my neck, leaking from my ear. I moved(p) it. It was sticky. Blood? Mine? Where was I? I feel that I should be wearing something in my head my, mind, mayhap? I felt around some to a greater extent, forgetting myself and crawling around in the dark like an puppet. A poor animal not gifted with night vision. I stopped. Am I now worried in fact and not save in act? I stood up. The sharp movement sent me spinning.Was there an abysm in the castle? Why am I falling and spinning come to the fore of control. The bright lights threatened to come again. I unlikable my eyes fiercely. My head was hammering now. The swosh, swosh vibrancy in my ear threatened to return. I feel like I would embarrass myself as I keeled forward. Is it possible to embarrass oneself firearm alone in the dark? yet what of embarrassment, have I not met with some maiden unkempt and uncouth to go on deeply in her ear? Ah, madness, is it you ? With closed eyes, I essay to stay still. The abyss, the pounding, and the ringing receded.They still threatened from a close distance but at least they were bearable and I was able to stay on my feet. Gingerly, I took a feeling forward, towards that white dot in the distance. The illness came back but I conquered it. I took another step, and except stayed on my feet. I raised my hand from my side and free-base a wall. Finally, support for my unfamiliar body. I made baby move toward the bright light. I heard sounds. Is the ringing in my ear coming back to scarper me? No, it was different. It was like the rumblings of the sea from the distance. Am I still in Elsinore?As I draw nearer to light the sounds became the cry (out) of waves. I remember the crash of waves in the moors. I could almost taste the salt in the air. I anticipate the accented salty smell of the sea. It is what I need. Suddenly, I feel as if the hallway was kill me. The dark was closing near. I tried to m ake my way to light faster. My steps were small, but hurried, propelled by need to roost in the sea. A soft zephyr came to me. Ah The sea, it beckons temptingly. The light became bigger. It became a slash, instead of a dot. It was long standing white occupancy in the distance.The crash of waves became rumbles. The sea was kaput(p) even if the poise breeze remains, becomes more constant. The rumbles became murmurs. The words rush and tumble with each other, like a hurriedly speak prayer, a long one from the sound of it. Little by little I hear a voice The light The light It was gone and a barely open adit stands in its place. What is wrong with me? The whimsy of it all came back to chide me my fathers ghost stars abysssea a guiding light Must kill Must put to death Was that me? No, it was the voice, a long familiar voice. I know that voice.I know that I did not rush to open the door. I peeped inside, trying to fit my vision in that long white line the door allowed. There wa s movement from inside. Then, before me is a face, a familiar face, familial face. I know that face. I know that face. You Then, in came the abyss. There was dark and then, light exceedingly bright light. Ah, the sun. It warms me, it bathes me. It seeps through the covers, to my night shirt, to my body. My feeble mother, shifting sheets again? Ophelia? I was lying in a toppingly warm bed and covered by wonderfully warm sheets. Where has the winter gone?The corridor The agency The face Where had they all gone? My head was reeling with a thousand questions. The light of mean solar day does not illuminate the dark corners of my suspicion. I pray for the throbbing in my head, the ringing in my ear. For then, there will be no questions, only answers and vengeance The doubts hale me into sitting up. The warmth retreated somewhat. The cool winter morning penetrates the sheets and touched my splutter bringing with it wakefulness and resolve. I touched my ear and found something sti cky. Slowly, an eerie simper made it way into my face. It must be so It must be so